Umthetho Wezithasiselo Zokudla kanye Nezeluleko Zokulebula

Ziyini Izithasiselo Zokudla?

Izithasiselo zokudla yizinto ezengezwa emikhiqizweni yokudla ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezobuchwepheshe efana nokunambitheka, umbala noma ukuzinza komkhiqizo.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesithako sokudla nesithako sokudla?

Amagama 'izithako zokudla' kanye 'nezithako' abhekisela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zalokho okungena ekudleni, futhi asebenza ngezinhloso ezahlukene. Isibonelo, nakuba uju, ushukela nezikhupha zamaqanda konke kunomsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yokudla, azithathwa njengezithasiselo ngoba ngokuvamile ziyizingxenye ezibonakalayo ezifaka isandla ekunambitheka, ukuthungwa noma ukondleka kokudla, futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa eyabo. Kunalokho, zibizwa ngokuthi izithako.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithasiselo ngokuvamile azidliwa ngokwazo noma zisetshenziswe njengezakhi eziyinhloko zokudla. Kunalokho, asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa noma ukulondoloza izimfanelo zokudla, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokwengeza inani lokudla okunomsoco.

Izithasiselo zokudla zingase zisetshenziselwe:

• Londoloza izinga lokudla okunomsoco
• Thuthukisa impilo yeshelufu noma ugcine ikhwalithi
• Thuthukisa ukukhanga kwayo kubathengi ngokusebenzisa ukunambitheka okuthuthukisiwe, umbala noma ukuthungwa
• Yenza ukukhiqizwa nokugcinwa kokudla kwenzeke

Kungani Imboni Yokudla Isebenzisa Izithasiselo?

Nakuba ukudla esikulungiselelayo ekhaya ngokuvamile kudliwa ngemva nje kokulungiswa, ukudla okuthengiswa ezitolo naku-inthanethi ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlala kuzinzile futhi kukhanga isikhathi eside. Izengezo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kokudla emhlabeni wonke ukusiza ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabathengi zokunambitheka, ukuphepha kanye nokusha. Ngokwenza ngcono ukuzinza kokudla, baphinde bafake isandla ekwehliseni ukulahlwa kokudla okuwukukhathazeka okukhulu kokusimama.

Izithasiselo zokudla zingase zenze isithombe samakhemikhali okwenziwa kwabaningi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi njengoba izithasiselo eziningi zithathwe ezintweni ezenzeka ngokwemvelo, njenge-lecithin evela ku-soy ne-carrageenan evela olwandle. Eqinisweni, abathengi bangeza ngamabomu izithasiselo ekuphekeni kwabo kwasekhaya, njengabadali be-jam bengeza i-pectin (E440) ukuze baqinisekise isethi enhle kujamu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivelaphi, ukuphepha kuhlala kubaluleke kakhulu engqondweni yomlawuli lapho evuma ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo ekudleni.

Ukuthuthuka kwesayensi yokudla kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kaningi kwezithasiselo ekukhiqizeni ukudla kwesimanje. Manje sekunamakhulu ezinto ezehlukene ezisetshenziswa njengezithasiselo zokudla nezinye eziningi ezisetshenziswa njengezinambitheka, zonke eziqondiswe ukuphepha kwabathengi.

Ngezansi, sihlola ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezithasiselo zokudla.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zezithako Zokudla kanye Nokusetshenziswa kwazo Ekudleni

Imibala

Imibala iyizithasiselo ezisetshenziselwa ukubuyisela noma ukukhipha umbala ekudleni. Zingaba zemvelo, njenge-beetroot ebomvu (E162) noma i-synthetic efana ne-tartrazine (E102).

I-Tartrazine ingenye yemibala eyisithupha exhunywe nomsindo kwezinye izingane. Ngemva kokuba ucwaningo lwenziwe futhi lwaxhaswa ngezimali yi-Food Standards Agency, futhi lwabuyekezwa yi-European Food Safety Authority, izichibiyelo zemithetho yokwengeza zethulwa ukuze zidinga ukudla okuqukethe ukuthi kuthwale isixwayiso esibhalwe ngokuqondile kulokhu.

Kunezinye izithasiselo zokudla ezidinga izexwayiso ezifana nodayi be-Azo, abangase babangele ukungezwani komzimba kubantu abazwelayo, kanye ne-Aspartame, engaba yingozi kubantu abane-phenylketonuria (PKU), okuyisifo esingavamile sofuzo.

Izilondolozi

Izivimbelakuvunda zelula impilo yeshalofu yokudla ngokuvikela ekuwohlokeni okubangelwa ama-microorganisms. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka i-calcium propionate (E282), evame ukusetshenziswa esinkwa, kanye ne-potassium sorbate (E202) esetshenziswa kuspreads/margarine yemifino.

Ama-Antioxidants

Ama-Antioxidants avimbela ukuwohloka kokudla ngenqubo yamakhemikhali ye-oxidation. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuvimbela ukunambitheka okungama-flavour ekudleni ngokufakwa kwe-oxidation yamafutha namafutha ekudleni kusetshenziswa i-tocopherols (E306). Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-ascorbic acid (E300) kungasetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukugqama ngokuvimbela ukusabela kwe-oxidative. I-Ascorbic acid ibhekwa kabanzi njenge-Vitamin C ngabathengi.

Amaswidi

Ama-sweeteners ayizithasiselo ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha ukunambitheka okumnandi ekudleni. Imvamisa, ama-sweeteners angenamsoco afana ne-aspartame ne-sucralose asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukunambitheka okumnandi ngaphandle kwama-calories engeziwe atholakala kushukela kanye nama-sweeteners atholakala ngokwemvelo njengoju.

Ngezinye izikhathi ama-sweeteners amaningana angenamsoco angasetshenziswa ndawonye noma noshukela ukuze kuzuzwe ukunambitheka okuthile noma kwandiswe izinga eliphelele lobumnandi ngokuvumelana.

Ama-Emulsifiers

Ama-Emulsifiers anika amandla amafutha namanzi ukuhlangana ndawonye futhi agcine i-emulsion, iqinisekisa ukuzinza ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa kwamanzi nezingxenye zamafutha emkhiqizweni.

Ama-Emulsifiers avame ukusetshenziswa kumayonesi, u-ayisikhilimu kanye noshokoledi. Izibonelo zifaka i-mono- kanye ne-diglycerides yama-fatty acids (E471) ne-soy lecithin (E322), womabili atholakala ku-ayisikhilimu, ama-icing alungele ukusetshenziswa kanye noshokoledi oshisayo osheshayo.

Ama-Flavour Enhancers

Izithuthukisi ze-flavour zisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka okukhona kokudla ngaphandle kokunikeza ukunambitheka kwakho (okungukuthi azinambitheki lutho kodwa zithuthukisa ukunambitheka okukhona komkhiqizo). Isibonelo esivame kakhulu (nesiphikisanayo) i-monosodium glutamate (MSG, E621), etholakala kuma-noodle ahlanzekile nama-noodle amnandi.

Umthetho Wezengezo Zokudla e-UK

Ngokomthetho wezithako zokudla, zonke izithasiselo kumele zigunyazwe ngaphambi kokuthi zisetshenziswe e-UK. Ukuze isithasiselo sokudla sigunyazwe ukuthi sisetshenziswe, kufanele sithathwe njengesizuzisa umthengi. Isibonelo, uma ithuthukisa ukunambitheka, inweba impilo yeshalofu noma ithuthukise ikhwalithi yokudla.

Ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwemibiko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwesengezo, isidingo sobuchwepheshe, nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwaso ngeke kubangele ukuba umthengi adukiswe. Isengezo ngasinye esigunyaziwe sivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ekudleni okuthile futhi ezingeni eliphezulu elinqunywe kusengaphambili.

Le mithethonqubo isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithasiselo zisetshenziswa kuphela emikhiqizweni ezuza ngokuba khona kwazo, futhi lokho kuba khona kugcinwa kuncane okudingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela oyifunayo.

Uhlu lwezithako ezigunyaziwe kanye nezinombolo zika-E ezingasetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yokudla zibhalwe kuIwebhusayithi ye-Food Standards Agencykanye nakuMthethonqubo ogciniwe we-EU 1333/2008.

Iyini i-E-Number?

Izithasiselo zivame ukubizwa ngezinombolo zazo ze-E njengoba kubonisiwe kuwo wonke lo mhlahlandlela. Isistimu yokuhlukanisa inombolo ye-E yakhiwe njengengxenye yedrayivu yokuba nohlu olulodwa lweqembu ngalinye elisebenzayo lezithasiselo ezino-'E' ezihloselwe ukumela kubathengi ukuthi izithasiselo ezivunyelwe zifakwe kusigaba njengeziphephile e-EU. Yaziwa emhlabeni jikelele, futhi i-International Numbering System (INS) Yezithako Zokudla etholakala ku-Codex Alimentarius isekelwe kulokhu. Lolu hlelo lwaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1962 ukwenza imibala, lwabuye lwasetshenziswa ngo-1964 ukuze kuqondiswe izivimbelakuvunda, 1970 kuma-antioxidant kwathi ngo-1974 kwenziwa ama-emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners kanye nama-gelling agents.

Ukuvunyelaniswa kwalezi zengezo kube umgomo olandelayo njengengxenye yomzamo wokudala Imakethe Yangaphakathi e-EU. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezithasiselo kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 nasekuqaleni kuya maphakathi nawo-1990.

Ingabe Udinga Ukumemezela Izengezo Kumalebula Okudla?

Yebo, kuphoqelekile ukuthi izithasiselo zokudla zifakwe ohlwini lwezithako uma zikhona emkhiqizweni wokudla, kungaba ngamagama azo noma ngenombolo engu-E, ukuze zithobele imithethonqubo yokulebula okunezelwayo ekudleni.

Inhloso noma umsebenzi wesithasiselo ngaphakathi komkhiqizo kumele kushiwo. Izibonelo zemisebenzi enjalo ama-acids, izilawuli ze-acidity, ama-anti-caking agents, ama-emulsifiers, ama-gelling agents, ama-humectants nama-ejenti okukhulisa, phakathi kokunye.

Ungalebula Kanjani Izengezo Zokudla e-UK

Ukulebula nge-E-Numbers noma Igama Eligcwele Lokwengeza

Nakuba imithetho yezithako yafakwa ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezakhamizi, ukuvela kwazo kumalebula okudla kungavimba abathengi abane-mandy ukuthi babone uhlu lwezithako olufushane, ezinezithasiselo ezimbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka, ezikhanga kakhulu - umqondo owaziwa ngokuthi 'uhlanzekile. ilebula'. Izinombolo ze-E ziphakamise ukukhathazeka okuthile, lapho abathengi bebuza ukuthi kungani abakhiqizi 'befihla' lokho okusekudleni kwabo ngokusebenzisa amakhodi, kunokubuka amakhodi njengethuluzi empeleni obekuhloswe ngalo ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala.

E-UK, kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile ukusebenzisa igama eligcwele lesithasiselo kulebula, njengoba lokhu kungavusa imibono embalwa engemihle futhi ngokuvamile kuthandwa ngabathengi. Kodwa-ke, ukuze uthole izithasiselo eziningi ezizwakala ngamakhemikhali nezingajwayelekile, izinombolo ze-E zivame ukusetshenziswa. Ukwengeza, izithiyo zesikhala zingadinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinombolo ze-E njengoba lezi zingaba zifushane kakhulu kunozakwabo abanamagama aphelele.

Ngokufanelekile, ilebula yomkhiqizo kufanele ibonise ukujwayelana nomthengi. Futhi sincoma ukuthi umkhiqizo usondele ekulebeni kwezithasiselo ngokungaguquki kuwo wonke amaphothifoliyo womkhiqizo wawo ukuze uthuthukise ukuqonda.

Uma izithasiselo zisetshenziswe emkhiqizweni wokudla, kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi zisetshenziswa kuphela ekudleni okuvunyelwe ngokomthetho nenani, elihambisana nezimakethe zokuthengisa (njengoba amazwe ahlukene enezindlela ezihlukene zemithetho).

Ukuze kusekelwe ekukhulumeni nabathengi ukuthi izithasiselo azihlali zisabisa ngendlela ezibukeka ngayo, ezinye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo zithathele ekufakeni ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezithasiselo kanye namagama asemthethweni kumalebula awo enza lokhu kube lula ngolimi olubonakala kakhudlwana. Isibonelo, 'i-Ascorbic Acid, uhlobo lwe-Vitamin C, etholakala nasezithelweni ze-citrus'. Leli iqhinga eliwusizo lokufundisa amakhasimende akho, kodwa qaphela ukuthobela imithetho, njengoba ungafuni ukudukisa umthengi ukuthi acabange ukuthi umkhiqizo wakho unezithelo ezisawolintshi.

Indlela Yokulebula Izithako Ze-Sulfite Zabathengi Abaguliswa Ngumzimba

Izithasiselo ezingase zibangele ukungezwani komzimba noma ukungabekezelelani, njengama-sulphite, kufanele zigqanyiswe ohlwini lwezithako uma zikhona ngaphezu kwamazinga asethiwe futhi zimenyezelwe ngisho nalapho kuthengiswa kuxega noma ekudleni okungaphekiwe. Ku-Sulfur dioxide (E220) nama-sulphites (E221 kuya ku-E228) kufanele alebulwe uma ekhona ngaphezu kuka-10 mg/Kg noma 10 mg/litha. Lokhu kubalwa njengenani le-sulphur dioxide emkhiqizweni oqediwe, njengoba lingadliwa.

Uma i-allergen ikhona emkhiqizweni okhululiwe ekuphatheni uhlu lwesithako, kufanele kusetshenziswe isitatimende 'esiqukethe', ngaphandle uma igama lomkhiqizo lihlanganisa i-allergen, okungenzeka ukuthi i-sulfur dioxide noma i-sulphite, ingenakwenzeka. ukwenzeka.

Uma i-sulfur dioxide noma i-sulphite ikhona njengesilondolozi kwesinye sezithako zokudla, isibonelo, kuma-apula ekugcwaliseni i-apula pie, khona-ke ukuba khona kwayo njenge-allergen kufanele kuboniswe kulebula lokudla. Imfuneko ibekwe ku-Retained Regulation (EU) 1169/2011, Annex II, 12, kodwa imiphumela yokulebula yalokhu ingase ingabonakali ngokushesha. Yilapho uchwepheshe wokulebula engaqinisekisa khona ukuthi ilebula yakho yokudla iyahambisana.

Yiziphi Izithako Zokudla Ezivinjelwe e-UK?

Ezinye izithasiselo zokudla zivinjelwe e-UK ngenxa yamandla azo okubangela imiphumela eyingozi uma zisetshenziswa. Isibonelo, uma i-carcinogenic (isb. odayi baseSudan), iholela ekusebenzeni ngokweqile ezinganeni (isb. Imibala eyisithupha ye-Southampton) noma ibe nemiphumela yokudla okunempilo (isb. imiphumela engemihle njengokuminyanisa kwesisu nezinye izinkinga zesisu ezibangelwa i-Olestra eyengeziwe).

Amazwe awavumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokuphepha kwezithasiselo. Kunjalo nge-titanium dioxide, esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umbala omhlophe kweminye imikhiqizo yebhikawozi namaconfectionery. Kuvinjelwe e-EU, kepha ngemuva kokucutshungulwa, i-UK yanquma ukuyigcina isemthethweni.

NgoNovemba 2022, iNkantolo Yezobulungiswa YaseYurophu yachitha ukuhlukaniswa kwe-titanium dioxide njenge-carcinogen ngokuhogela, njengoba kwaphawulwa ukungqubuzana kokutholwe kobuthi. I-France yanquma ukukhalaza ngokuchithwa, okusho ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuloba, i-titanium dioxide ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ekudleni e-EU naseNyakatho Ireland.

I-Potassium bromate iboniswe ukuthi ibangela umdlavuza kwezinye izilwane, ngakho-ke ayivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ekudleni e-EU, UK, Canada nakwezinye izizwe. Iziphathimandla zase-US zanquma ukuthi lo mphumela awuzange ubonakale lapho izilwane ziphakelwa isinkwa esinezithasiselo, ngakho-ke singase sengezwe esinkwa e-USA, lapho sisebenza njengesiqinisi inhlama, i-ejenti yokwelapha ufulawa kanye ne-ejenti efaka imvubelo.

Uma inkampani ibanjwa ithengisa ukudla okunezithasiselo ezivinjelwe e-UK, lokhu kungase kubangele imiphumela emibi yezomthetho. Akunakuthathwa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi isithasiselo sivunyelwe ezweni elithile, sizovunyelwa kwelinye.

Ezinye izibonelo ezithile zokudla okuvinjelwe e-UK zifaka:

• Eminye imibala yokudla (okuhlanganisa no-yellow no. 5 no-6, kanye no-red no. 40)
• I-Potassium bromate
• Udayi waseSudan
• Izidakamizwa ezithile ezisetshenziswa ezilwaneni, njengehomoni yokukhula kwezinkomo.
• Amafutha emifino e-brominated
• Izinkukhu ezine-chlorine
• I-Rhodamine-B
• I-Azodicarbonamide
• Olestra
• I-Auramine

Ukwesekwa Ngomthetho Wezithasiselo Zokudla kanye Nokulebula

Emabhizinisini okudla, kubalulekile ukuthi athintane nemithethonqubo efanele ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesengezo ekudleni okuthile kuvunyelwe, futhi sisetshenziswa ngamanani angaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu elivunyelwe.